Congenital tuberculosis in an extremely preterm infant and prevention of nosocomial infection

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare disease, especially in non-endemic countries. We present a preterm infant who developed congenital tuberculosis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The male patient, weighing 1140 g was born by cesarean section at 26 weeks gestation. The baby's respiratory condition suddenly deteriorated at 18 days old, and he was diagnosed with congenital tuberculosis after Gram stain revealed “ghost bacilli” in his tracheal aspirate. The mother, who was born in an endemic country, had fever with unknown cause during labor and was diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis after the infant was diagnosed. Both were successfully treated for tuberculosis with a four-drug regimen. The genotyping profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identical in both mother and baby based on variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis. The lineage was considered to be East-African Indian. To prevent nosocomial infection in the NICU, 23 potentially exposed infants received isoniazid for 2 months. Two infants showed a transient liver enzyme elevation that seemed to be due to isoniazid. For 10 months after the incident, there were no infants and medical staff who developed tuberculosis. Although the incidence of tuberculosis has steadily decreased in Japan, the percentage of foreign-born individuals has increased yearly, especially those of reproductive age. The evaluation of active tuberculosis should be considered in pregnant women with unexplained fever, history of tuberculosis, or emigration from high-burden areas.     

全麻苏醒期患者吸痰的研究进展(综述)

从吸痰对患者的影响、吸痰时机、吸痰管的选择、吸引负压、吸痰方式、操作方法改进、并发症的护理等方面综述了全麻苏醒期患者的相关理论及进展,阐明了正确吸痰的重要性。     

不同诊断技术用于肺外结核病辅助诊断的临床价值比较

目的比较结核菌素试验(TST)和结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)用于肺外结核病(EPTB)辅助诊断的临床价值。方法回顾性分析南通市如东县中医院2017年1月至2019年5月收治的行TST和T-SPOT.TB检测的EPTB患者(64例,EPTB组)和非结核性疾病患者(106例,对照组)的临床资料,比较两种检测技术诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,并行ROC曲线分析两种方法的诊断效能。结果T-SPOT.TB辅助诊断EPTB的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均明显优于TST(P<0.05);ROC曲线分析显示,TST和T-SPOT.TB辅助诊断EPTB曲线下面积分别为0.633(95%CI:0.501~0.749)、0.892(95%CI:0.812~0.974)。结论T-SPOT.TB用于EPTB辅助诊断的灵敏度与特异度高,诊断效能佳,临床应用价值优于TST。     

东莞市厚街镇中小学生结核菌素试验结果及相关因素分析

目的了解东莞市厚街镇中小学生结核杆菌感染状况,为防控结核病提供科学依据。方法按照广东省中小学生健康体检项目要求,对厚街镇中小学2009年入学新生开展卡介菌纯蛋白衍生物（BCG-PPD）检测。结果 3289名中小学生中,PPD试验总阳性率47.13%,其中阳性率46.49%,强阳性率0.64%。初中生PPD阳性率、强阳性率均显著高于小学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,有随年龄增大呈增高趋势。女学生阳性率、强阳性率均显著高于男学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。公办小学学生PPD阳性率高于民办小学,本地户籍小学生PPD阳性率高于非本地户籍,有卡痕中小学生PPD试验阳性率显著高于无卡痕的学生,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论对中小学入学新生应进行PPD检测以及同时调查卡痕,了解学生中结核杆菌感染状况与卡介苗接种情况,并对重点人群采取相应防控措施,防止结核病在学校的传播与流行。     

广西HIV感染者呼吸道非结核分枝杆菌定植情况和临床特点分析

目的呼吸道非结核分枝杆菌定植是HIV感染者发生播散性非结核分枝杆菌感染的危险因素,并可能对肺结核的诊断造成干扰。我国HIV感染者中非结核分枝杆菌呼吸道定植情况和临床特点目前尚无较大样本的研究报道。本文分析HIV感染者痰培养中非结核分枝杆菌的阳性率和相关因素,从而总结其临床特点。方法 2006年8月至2008年7月,对广西省4个诊疗机构中CD4〈350的HIV感染者进行临床症状、胸片、痰涂片,痰分枝杆菌培养和血液分枝杆菌培养在内的结核筛查。结果 1073例HIV感染者在结核筛查时进行了痰分枝杆菌培养,检出非结核分枝杆菌87例（8.1%）,129例（12.0%）为结核分枝杆菌。在痰培养阳性的标本中,43%为非结核分枝杆菌。非结核分枝杆菌在呼吸道的定植率随着患者CD4水平降低而逐渐升高,在CD4计数〉200/μl、100～200/μl、50～100/μl和〈50/μl的患者组中分别为2.8%、6.4%、7.1%和9.8%。痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性的患者中12.0%为非结核分枝杆菌,非结核分枝杆菌呼吸道定植的患者中8.5%痰涂片结果为抗酸杆菌阳性。与痰培养阴性的患者相比,有呼吸道非结核分枝杆菌定植的患者CD4水平较低,除体重下降更多见外,其他临床症状如发热、咳嗽、盗汗、乏力等,以及胸片异常表现均未增加。结论我国HIV感染者中痰培养非结核分枝杆菌的阳性率较高,尤其是在CD4〈200的患者中,需要加强临床观察。在未有进行细菌培养的情况下,非结核分枝杆菌在呼吸道的定植可能造成结核的误诊,应给予重视。     

结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物刺激人γδT细胞效应分析

目的 探讨结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(pure protein derivative,PPD)对人外周血γδT细胞的刺激效应.方法 采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)后,经尼龙毛柱法分离得T细胞.分别以卡介苗和PPD刺激γδT细...     

诱导痰处理温度对支气管哮喘诱导痰中气道炎性反应标志物浓度的影响

目的 探讨诱导痰处理温度对哮喘患者诱导痰中炎性细胞分类及其气道炎性反应标志物浓度的影响.方法 收集2013年3月至2013年8月在广州呼吸疾病研究所就诊的哮喘患者52例,所有受试者进行痰诱导,选取痰黏液加入4倍体积0.1％的二硫苏糖醇(DTT)后,分别于0℃冰浴与37℃水浴下孵育15 min(15 min冰浴组和15 min水浴组,n=28)和30 min(30 min冰浴组和30 min水浴组,n=10).细胞沉淀行HE染色后进行分类计数,同时采用悬浮芯片方法检测痰上清白细胞介素(IL)-5、IL-10、IL-17、干扰素(IFN)-γ和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α.比较不同诱导痰处理温度对痰细胞计数及气道炎性反应指标水平的影响.结果 52例哮喘患者,痰诱导成功28例,成功率为53.8％.15 min冰浴组和15 min水浴组比较、30 min冰浴组和30 min水浴组比较,其痰液重量、痰细胞总数、细胞存活率和痰细胞分类差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).15 min冰浴组和15 min水浴组痰上清IL-10、IL-17、IFN-γ、IL-5和TNF-α的浓度比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);30 min冰浴组和30 min水浴组痰上清IL-10、IL-17和IFN-γ的浓度差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),但30 min水浴组的IL-5和TNF-α浓度要高于30min冰浴组[IL-5:2.55 (2.20～4.35) ng/L比2.03(1.52～2.50) ng/L,TNF-α:19.41(9.07～37.92) ng/L比10.78(8.58～ 17.93)ng/L,均P＜0.05].结论 诱导痰处理温度会影响诱导痰中某些气道炎性反应标志物的浓度.在诱导痰处理时DTT裂解后,置于0℃冰浴下操作,可以较真实反映诱导痰中炎性反应标志物的真实浓度.     

Progression of clinical tuberculosis is associated with a Th2 immune response signature in combination with elevated levels of SOCS3

In this study, we explored the local cytokine/chemokine profiles in patients with active pulmonary or pleural tuberculosis (TB) using multiplex protein analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid samples. Despite increased pro-inflammation compared to the uninfected controls; there was no up-regulation of IFN-γ or the T cell chemoattractant CCL5 in the lung of patients with pulmonary TB. Instead, elevated levels of IL-4 and CCL4 were associated with high mycobacteria-specific IgG titres as well as SOCS3 (suppressors of cytokine signaling) mRNA and progression of moderate-to-severe disease. Contrary, IL-4, CCL4 and SOCS3 remained low in patients with extrapulmonary pleural TB, while IFN-γ, CCL5 and SOCS1 were up-regulated. Both SOCS molecules were induced in human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. The Th2 immune response signature found in patients with progressive pulmonary TB could result from inappropriate cytokine/chemokine responses and excessive SOCS3 expression that may represent potential targets for clinical TB management.     

对肺结核可疑者采用症状查痰法提高患者发现率

目的探讨更全面的发现肺结核病例的检查诊断程序。方法在采用通用的胸透筛查法发现肺结核患者的基础上，采用症状查痰法，对有症状且≥3周者，直接做痰结核分枝杆菌检查，并拍摄X线胸片，对按胸透筛查法和症状查痰法发现的患者进行比较；对肺结核诊断程序改进后的结核病患者的发现情况进行分析。结果采用症状查痰法发现活动性肺结核新病例900例，比胸透筛查法多发现活动性肺结核患者73例，患者发现率提高8．8％(73／827)；发现涂阳肺结核病例262例，比胸透筛查法多发现活动性肺结核患者30例，患者发现率提高12．9％(30／232)；培养阳性肺结核病例360例，比胸透筛查法多发现患者63例，患者发现率提高21．2％(63／297)。症状查痰法发现新病例的细菌学检查阳性者的比例高于胸透筛查法，胸透筛查法发现新病例中，涂片阳性者占28．1％(232／827)，痰菌培养阳性者占35．9％(297／827)；而症状查痰法发现新病例中，涂片阳性者占29．1％(262／900)，痰菌培养阳性者占40．0％(360／900)。症状查痰法多检出的活动性肺结核患者73例中，涂阳和菌阳患者的比例均很高，分别为41．1％(30／73)和86．3％(63／73)，较胸透筛查法的检出涂阳比例(28．1％)和菌阳比例(35．9％)高。结论采用症状查痰法比胸透筛查法发现的活动性肺结核患者增加，特别是菌阳肺结核患者的发现率增加21．2％，使这些患者得到及时诊断，有利于结核病传染源的控制。     

Cost-effectiveness of interferon-gamma release assay screening for latent tuberculosis infection treatment in Germany

OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness of the new QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-G) [Cellestis; Carnegie, VIC, Australia] assay for screening and treating of persons who have had close contact with tuberculosis (TB) patients and are suspected of having latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) [hereafter called close-contacts] in Germany. METHODS: The health and economic outcomes of isoniazid treatment of 20-year-old close-contacts were compared in a Markov model over a period of 20 years, using two different cutoff values for the tuberculin skin test (TST), the QFT-G assay alone, or the QFT-G assay as a confirmatory test for the TST results. RESULTS: QFT-G assay-based treatment led to cost savings of $542.9 and 3.8 life-days gained per LTBI case. TST-based treatment at a 10-mm induration size cutoff gained $177.4 and 2.0 life-days gained per test-positive contact. When the cutoff induration size for the TST was reduced to 5 mm, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio fell below the willingness-to-pay threshold ($30,170 per life-years gained) but resulted in unnecessary treatment of 77% of contacts owing to false-positive TST results. Combination with the 5-mm induration size TST cutoff value compared to the results of the QFT-G assay alone reduced the total costs per 1,000 contacts by 1.8% to $222,869. The number treated to prevent 1 TB case was 22 for the two QFT-G assay-based procedures, 40 for the TST at a cutoff induration size of 10 mm, and 96 for the TST at a cutoff induration size of 5 mm. When the sensitivity rates of the TST and the QFT-G assay were compounded, the QFT-G assay strategy alone was slightly less costly (0.6%) than the two-step approach. CONCLUSIONS: Using the QFT-G assay, but especially combining the QFT-G assay following the TST screening of close-contacts at a cutoff induration size of 5 mm before LTBI treatment is highly cost-effective in reducing the disease burden of TB.